Clean energy and water are two essential resources that any society must securely deliver in order to develop sustainably. Recently, the energy and water infrastructure value chains have gained attention as a single interlinked system of global concern called the energy–water nexus. In light...

The paper presents an analysis of thermodynamic losses in thermal reservoirs due to irreversible heat transfer and frictional effects. The focus is upon applications to large-scale electricity storage for which it is the loss in availability (or exergy) that is most relevant. Accordingly,...

Pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) is the largest and most mature form of energy storage currently available. However, the capital costs required for PHES are extremely large and the availability of suitable sites is decreasing. Therefore, identifying the remaining sites available for...