One of the most commonly used heating devices in geothermal systems is the heat exchanger. The output conditions of heat exchangers are based on several parameters. The heat transfer area is one of the most important parameters for heat exchangers in terms of economics. Although there are a lot...

Direct utilization of geothermal energy consists of various forms for heating and cooling instead of converting the energy for electric power generation. The major areas of direct utilization are (1) swimming, bathing and balneology, (2) space heating and cooling including district heating, (3)...

The trend towards an increased importance of distributed (renewable) energy resources characterized by intermittent operation redefines the energy landscape. The stochastic nature of the energy systems on the supply side requires increased flexibility at the demand side. We present a model that...

In this study the primary energy use and carbon footprint over the life cycle of a wood-frame apartment building designed either conventionally or to the passive house standard are analyzed. Scenarios where the building is heated with electric resistance heaters, bedrock heat pump or...

Renewable energy sources (RES) will have to play the main role in moving towards sustainable economic development. Talking about the perspectives of the use of solar energy, it is evident that the main market is decided by the consumer. The most important problem, determining the slow absorption...

In bioenergy villages, local bioenergy plants are installed to supply electricity, which is fed into the national grid, and to heat households through a local heat distribution network. In this paper, a linear mathematical model, which economically optimizes local bioenergy production and...