approaches in domestic courts in advanced economies, an approach rarely taken in analysing investor-state arbitration. The first … the early 19th century with generally strong support for commercial arbitration based on ad hoc fee-based remuneration …; and similarities and differences between commercial arbitration and investment arbitration, focusing how the largely …

chapter surveys some of the more active areas in the litigation literature. Topics include rules of evidence, loser-pays rules …

treaties offer foreign investors a range of procedural choices, such as a choice between arbitration fora. The survey also … reflect differences in policy. The study also found little evidence of general convergence of approaches towards regulating …