Most models of family transfers consider only two generations and focus on two motives: altruism and exchange. They … transfers, such as strategic altruism, models with endogenous heterogeneous behavioral regimes (Becker, Cigno), and especially … (against altruism) with small compensatory effects of transfers both between and within generations, and (against exchange …

. Tests usually conclude that the income pooling predicted by pure altruism is not observed, but family transfers are also far … mechanisms. Firstly, in the so-called pure altruism model, the parent's utility is augmented by the utility of his child. This … transfer. In a second model, altruism is impure as the parents want the child to behave in a certain way: exchange and …