with other standard index number formulae and the bias in the index can be determined. The present paper presents most of … the known results on this bias (and derives some new ones) in a coherent framework using a simple identity from the … unit value into more homogeneous subgroups reduce the unit value bias? The answer seems to be: probably yes. …

least squares. It studies, by way of an extensive simulation experiment, the bias of the slope parameter estimator induced … an asymptotic bias for the estimator. …

to start the ethics approval process; and research transparency, including how to prevent publication bias and data …

In this chapter we survey the empirical literature on media bias, with a focus on partisan and ideological biases …. First, we discuss the methods used to measure the relative positions of media outlets. We divide bias into two categories …, explicit and implicit bias. We group existing measures of implicit bias into three categories: measures based on comparing …