This paper provides a review of the literature on competitiveness and leakage concerns associated with differentiated … implemented in the European Union. Section 4 discusses broad policy options to address competitiveness and leakage concerns, and …

This paper reviews ex-post empirical assessments on the impact of carbon pricing on competitiveness in OECD and G20 … carbon pricing or energy prices on different dimensions of competitiveness, including net imports, foreign direct investments …-term effects of carbon pricing on firms’ or sectors’ international competitiveness have not come to pass, at least to date. These …

encounter competitiveness and welfare losses and changes in production may lead to carbon leakage. Border Carbon Adjustments … prices. This paper analyses the effects of BCAs and both direct and indirect linking on welfare, competitiveness and carbon … pricing can indeed lead to substantial competitiveness and welfare losses for acting countries as well as to carbon leakage …