The liability of smallness assumption suggests that smaller firms face higher exit risks. However, does it apply during … crises? We show that during downturns size reduces firms’ exit risk by less; the hazard rate increases more rapidly in size. …

domestic firms during economic downturns, and second if the foreignness effect differs between two different economic downturns … at home than abroad, the differences in hazard rates between foreign and domestic firms reduce. The footloose argument is … stimulating inward investment. There is no need to fear that foreign firms destabilize more than usual the host economy during …

formalization canon, we study the challenges of formalizing the mining sector in the DRC. Next, we provide an in-depth analysis of … mining ban was not only a radical example of a top-down formalization policy, but also an illustration of a bureaucratic and … technical measure that compounds but does not address different problems associated with ASM: conflict, informality, poverty …

This paper investigates the urbanization of the Indian manufacturing sector by combining enterprise data from formal … the informal sector is moving from rural to urban locations. While the secular trend for India's manufacturing …

and informal sector manufacturing firms in India, Indonesia, and Mexico, we document three facts. First, while there are a …Although a large literature seeks to explain the "missing middle" of mid-sized firms in developing countries, there is … very large number of small firms, there is no "missing middle" in the sense of a bimodal distribution: mid-sized firms are …

is stricter firms employ a smaller proportion of informal workers. Furthermore, by reducing the firm's access to … unregulated labour stricter enforcement is also associated with smaller firms, less fluid labour markets, and (possibly) lower … distance between firm location and the location of an enforcement office, a measure of access of labour inspectors to firms …

manufacturing firms between 1995 and 1998, I find that: 1) The learning effect of R&D is more important than the innovative effect …&D intensive 3) Spillovers from foreign joint ventures are insignificant for Czech manufacturing firms 4) The extent of technology … technology spillovers from FDI (foreign direct investment) on a firm’s productivity growth. Using firm-level panel data on Czech …