Percentiles have been established in bibliometrics as an important alternative to mean-based indicators for obtaining a normalized citation impact of publications. Percentiles have a number of advantages over standard bibliometric indicators used frequently: for example, their calculation is not...

In this paper we propose a method for finding the reference set of a decision making unit (DMU), without chasing down all alternative optimal solutions of the envelopment form, which is a strong degenerate problem. The reference set is useful as a benchmark for an inefficient DMU, for...