This open access textbook is the first to provide Business and Economics Ph.D. students with a precise and intuitive introduction to the formal backgrounds of modern financial theory. It explains Brownian motion, random processes, measures, and Lebesgue integrals intuitively, but without...

Introduction: A Stochastic Approach to Discounted Cash Flow -- Basic Elements: Cash Flow, Tax, Expectation, Cost of Capital, Value -- Corporate Income Tax: WACC, FTE, TCF, APV -- Personal Income Tax -- Corporate and Personal Income Tax -- Proofs -- Sketch of Solutions.