As school after school shuts down in the face of the Covid-19 crisis (in now more than 140 countries), online learning …

School accountability is one of the most controversial recent reforms taking place in education systems around the … that, under higher levels of accountability, higher school autonomy on curriculum management and assessment could render …

overlaps with two distinct school cohorts. School-entry regulations are used as an exogenous source of variation for grade …) linearity assumptions, make it possible to account for differences in school-starting age across students who are expected to be … in different grades. On average, students’ test scores increase by about one-fifth of a standard deviation over a school …

and care, especially for immigrant children; enhance capacities of teachers and school leaders to be more responsive to … guidance; compensate for the gaps in learning environments at home through extending school hours, assisting with homework …

extent to which , national policy actors use PISA in policies and practices, to evaluate and improve school …

School systems aspire to provide equal opportunity for all, irrespective of socio-economic status (SES). Much of the … criticism of recent school reforms that introduce accountability, autonomy, and choice emphasizes their potentially negative … in school systems employing these institutional features. The rigorous micro-econometric analyses are based on the PISA …