approaches in domestic courts in advanced economies, an approach rarely taken in analysing investor-state arbitration. The first … the early 19th century with generally strong support for commercial arbitration based on ad hoc fee-based remuneration …; and similarities and differences between commercial arbitration and investment arbitration, focusing how the largely …

treaties offer foreign investors a range of procedural choices, such as a choice between arbitration fora. The survey also …

around the world. But while a significant number of major recent treaties contain such express provisions, most investment … binding or non-binding on investment arbitration tribunals. The paper concludes with brief consideration of possible criteria …