In the context of spatial econometrics, we discuss the specification of one-directional effects, not mutual dependencies. Using an empirical study (a spatial autoregressive model of land price data in Fukui Prefecture, Japan) and Monte Carlo simulation results (contiguity matrices built based on...

This paper numerically evaluates the efficiency of regulations on building size and city size in a congested closed city by comparing welfare gain with that achieved under a first-best toll regime. Results show that whereas the urban growth boundary (UGB) is a poor substitute for the toll regime...