In this study we discuss why planting non-Bacillus thuringiensis (non-Bt) cotton as a refuge crop in China (and other developing countries) may not be economically optimal. To show this, we develop a bioeconomic model to run simulations that will help find the optimal strategies for managing the...

Purpose – The purpose of this study is trying to document and examine the impacts of pesticide use on farmers' health. Different from previous studies, the paper is not only going to focus on the visible effect, but also the invisible effect. At the same time, the paper is going to divided the...

Even though both empirical studies and field evidences show that Bt cotton can significantly reduce pesticide use, Chinese farmers are still spraying excessive pesticide in field production. Based on primary household surveys in the North China Plain, this study shows that farmers' lack of...