prohibiting abstention, strategic behavior, and/or coordination may reduce efficiency …

We review the theoretical literature on market determinants of media bias. We present a theoretical framework that …

In this chapter we survey the empirical literature on media bias, with a focus on partisan and ideological biases …. First, we discuss the methods used to measure the relative positions of media outlets. We divide bias into two categories …, explicit and implicit bias. We group existing measures of implicit bias into three categories: measures based on comparing …

shock leading to losses that occur with an exogenous probability and in a stochastically independent way. The regions can …