. Connecting spaces : networks and systems, merchants and political economies -- pt. IV. The complexity of networks : formal and …

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Institution: designed system faced by Ming merchants -- Chapter 3: Monopoly …: merchants and monarchy -- Chapter 4: Taxation: levy on merchants -- Chapter 5: International Trade: merchants’ predicament and … opportunities -- Chapter 6: Consumption: two pairs of thought involving merchants -- Chapter 7: Ranking: scholars, merchants …

This book explores the vital role of merchants within early modern China. Unlike European merchants, their Sino … this monograph is to investigate whether the standing of merchants in the Ming Empire has been improved compared with their … merchants, and contemporary global affairs. …

have survived from the Ottoman period. The writers chosen for this first volume were mostly Christian merchants who traded …