This paper examines the role of regulators and ombudsmen in dealing with complaints in the light of the requirement of Britain's ‘Citizen's Charter’. It considers in particular the arrangements for ensuring that potential complainants know of the systems available and the way to put them...

With the increasingly fierce market competition and rapid development of information technology, as a new organisation, virtual enterprise (VE) emerges from the business process of single enterprise. Service composition, which can realise the added value of service, is the core to implement a...

The probability distribution for the relative return of a portfolio constructed from a subset n of the assets from a benchmark, consisting of N assets whose returns are multivariate normal, is completely characterized by its tracking error. However, if the benchmark asset returns are not...