estimates from twenty existing studies yields bounds on the intensive margin labor supply elasticity of (0.47,0.54)"--National …

responses. The first elasticity (supply side) is the sole real factor limiting optimal top tax rates. The optimal tax system … should be designed to minimize the second elasticity (avoidance) through tax enforcement and tax neutrality across income … forms, in which case the second elasticity becomes irrelevant. The optimal top tax rate increases with the third elasticity …