In developing countries, the complex interdependence of households, individuals and businesses makes the measurement of welfare dynamics challenging, especially over a long period, because economic activities are predominantly embedded in households. The context we have chosen, Madagascar...

The international financial crisis is likely to produce very different impacts on the various African countries, depending on their degree of openness to commercial and financial flows. The volume of foreign flows is a matter of concern given that exports, loans, public grants and remittances...

After debt cancellations, in particular MDRI (Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative) debt ratios in Low Income Country dropped to historic lows. They are now getting into debt again, because of Bretton Woods Institutions (BWI) new loans, of emerging countries’ (namely China) loans, and sometimes...

LICs have no access to international financial markets. Since the nineties, LICs have been granted debt relief by bilateral creditors andby international financing institutions, namely from 1996 on underHighly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and from 2005 onunder Multilateral Debt...