higher-income consumers. Urbanization occurs sooner when rural or urban productivity is higher or transport costs are lower … achieves various thresholds of urbanization. Controlling for country fixed effects and neighbors' urbanization using spatial … techniques, we find that the date at which each cell passes each urbanization threshold is positively associated with its …

urbanization in this region. Despite development, traditional agriculture still predominates. Changes in land use were examined … increased it. Other measures of urbanization, such as proximity to a city or inter-state highway had no statistically … significant effect on farm practices. Keywords: Agricultural adaptation, rural development, off-farm income, urbanization, land …