futures markets vary with selection of cash markets. The cointegration relationship between corn cash and futures prices only … equal in the long run for 49 out of these 52 markets. In the short run, the unidirectional causality from cash to futures … majority of causal relationships are linear, the causality from futures to cash prices is more likely to be nonlinear …

Countries successful in achieving growth and equity throughout their development process could provide continuing gross …

causality running from urban population to GDP. The vector error decomposition results imply that urban growth will continue to …Kenya is a small open economy that depends on energy for growth. Since independence in 1963, it has experienced … tremendous urban and rural population growth, placing an increasing strain on energy resources and economic development …

primarily by the increasing specialization of nonagricultural exports. However, the transformation process is still moving more … slowly than that of an emerging economy such as Brazil. The index of specialization of agricultural exports grew at a modest … annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1962 and 2008, compared to 5.0 percent for nonagricultural exports and 4.1 percent for the …

growth and new data sets (Larson and al., 1999) as a guide, this study finds some empirical regularities between agricultural … labour productivity growth, investment and education, as also for environmental factors, for 44 countries during the period … labour productivity grows faster. Secondly, geographical factors as well as freer trade influence growth. Finally, we find …