as one of choosing a technology standard, or "cutoff," in emissions per unit of output, below which all abatement … regulator would like to raise the standard to reduce emissions but needs to lower it in order to induce technology adoption … too high or too low a standard is not only inefficient, but can also lead to an increase in total emissions relative to …

Extant point-nonpoint trading programs involve trades of relatively certain point source emissions reductions for … than or less than one, depending on how nonpoint source emissions uncertainties respond to trading. While this implies …