A simple model of offshoring is used to integrate the complex gallery of results that exist in the theoretical … offshoring/fragmentation literature. The paper depicts offshoring as 'shadow migration' and shows that this allows … conditions are provided). We show that offshoring requires modification of the four HO theorems, so econometricians who ignore …

offshoring and international trade. …

How do offshoring and immigration affect the employment of native workers? What kinds of jobs suffer, or benefit, most … looked at the effects of offshoring and immigration separately, we argue that one can gain useful insights by jointly …. Third, we use the model to draw systematic predictions about the effects of immigration and offshoring on native workers and …

, intermediaries - called outsourcing agencies - have emerged in these markets. This paper shows that agencies signal to employers that …