This paper considers unit labor costs (ulcs), i.e., the ratio of the wage rate to labor productivity, as the indicator of competitiveness in the Philippines. It is shown that ulcs have an interpretation from the point of view of the functional distribution of income (i.e., the distribution of...

This study develops a framework for decomposing the gender earnings gap into across-occupation factors. The framework provides more comprehensive information on occupational segregation and the earnings gap than previous studies. The across-occupation effect encompasses differences between male...