The 2005 Gleneagles G8 summit in July 2005 stimulated a concerted effort of the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to broaden and accelerate programs on access to energy and climate change mitigation and adaptation through the Clean Energy Investment Framework (CEIF). At the Gleneagles...

This document reports on a Public Financial Management and Accountability Assessment (PFMAA) for the Federal Government of Pakistan (GoP). Measured against the six core Public Financial Management (PFM) objectives examined by the assessment, the assessment indicates that there have been...

This report provides the results of the assessment of the Public Procurement system of the Republic of Kazakhstan using the Methodology for Assessing Procurement Systems (MAPS)1 and its various steps, including the validation process. Kazakhstan has a dual public procurement system, in which...

Vietnam is a Southeast Asian nation with an extensive coastline and diverse but generally warm climate including temperate and tropical regions. Given that a high proportion of the country's population and economic assets are located in coastal lowlands and deltas and rural areas face issues of...

Turkmenistan is in the southwestern part of Central Asia and the country is bordered to the north by Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, to the southeast by Afghanistan and to the south by Iran, with the Caspian Sea coastline forming a natural boundary to its west. Turkmenistan's economy has seen a very...

Thailand is the twentieth most populous country in the world, located at the center of Southeast Asia. The southern end of the country is a peninsula with the Andaman Sea to the west and Gulf of Thailand. Located in the tropical region, Thailand's climate is relatively warm all year round....

Sri Lanka is a small island nation lying in the Indian Ocean and consists of a mountainous area in the south-central region and a surrounding coastal plain. The climate of Sri Lanka is wet and warm, ideal for forest growth. Over the last century, more than two-thirds of this forest cover, rich...

The Philippines is an archipelago comprised of 7,107 islands with a humid climate and a topography characterized by mountainous terrain bordered by narrow coastal plains. Considered one of the most biologically rich and diverse countries in the world, the Philippines also has one of the world's...

Pakistan is characterized by diverse topography, ecosystems, and climate zones. Rich in natural resources, including fertile agricultural lands, natural gas reserves, and mineral deposits, Pakistan faces challenges in balancing competing objectives between economic development and environmental...

Water and forests are Nepal's most abundant natural resources, with freshwater (derived from glaciers, snowmelt, and rainfall) accounting for an estimated 2.27 percent of the total world supply. Weakness in effective response mechanisms and strategies for dealing with natural hazards has...