This paper gives an overview of the causes of the European debt crisis and the consequences for the external relations …. It finds that political mishandling has increased uncertainty, which has contributed to a tendency for the euro to become …

PRC’s external imbalances. These cost distortions have artificially lowered PRC production costs, raised profits, and …

well as the amounts of liquid and illiquid external debt. The equilibrium values of these variables depend on the amount of … foreign exchange reserves. A rise in foreign exchange reserves increases both liquid and total debt, while shortening debt … Table. The cross-country evidence shows that an increase in foreign exchange reserves raises external debt outstanding and …

the Euro Area)—is ineffective and its governance structure is heavily biased towards Europe and the United States … externally driven crises. No international agreements exist on external (sovereign) debt restructuring, or on the cross …