its innovation system and the interplay between the firm and the non-firm sector. We argue that, in any economy, when … generated a sub-optimal outcome. Market forces did not result in the western-style innovation system, but a hybrid one, with …-down" supply-driven allocation of resources and a reliance on external (but domestic) network of sources for innovation and capital …

This paper analyzes empirically the channels through which university research affects industry innovation. We examine … innovation systems. We find that creation of a new university department increased regional innovation activity 3-4 years later …

This paper examines the links between ownership, innovation and exporting in electronics firms in three late … trade and innovation and learning. Technology-based approaches to trade offer a plausible explanation for firm …-level exporting behavior. The econometric results (using probit) confirm the importance of foreign ownership and innovation in …

Evidence on the "funding gap" for investment innovation is surveyed. The focus is on financial market reasons for …

The lag in innovation in Italy vis-�-vis the other main industrial countries is one of the effects of the … suitable than debt for financing innovation, is less common than in other countries. Public incentives for firms have had … modest results. To enhance the capacity for innovation some actions should be taken to help firms grow, adopt a more …

. Equity is a preferable source of external finance for innovation than debt. It does not require collateral, does not …

industry can benefit from public R&D investment to actively develop indigenous innovation. …

Innovation in SMEs exhibits some peculiar features that most traditional indicators of innovation activity do not … capture. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a structural model of innovation which incorporates information on innovation … enhances the likelihood of having both process and product innovation. Both these kinds of innovation have a positive impact on …