. Equity is a preferable source of external finance for innovation than debt. It does not require collateral, does not …

include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs of innovation and productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both … strongly associated with innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation and ICT for productivity. We … explore their possible complementarity in innovation and production but find none, although there is complementarity between R …

The lag in innovation in Italy vis-�-vis the other main industrial countries is one of the effects of the … suitable than debt for financing innovation, is less common than in other countries. Public incentives for firms have had … modest results. To enhance the capacity for innovation some actions should be taken to help firms grow, adopt a more …

The paper surveys the literature on the measurement of innovation activity and evaluates the position of Italy with … respect to the other major European countries. Innovation has been measured from different perspectives: the environment in … which firms operate, firms' commitment, its outcome. Both traditional and new measures of innovation are considered, using …