way for the rise of the universal banking model. This model, apparently sound and efficient in the run-up to the crisis … the global financial crisis appear to push for a return to a narrower model for banking activity. …

GDP shocks owing to a different degree of bank capitalization. The effects on lending of shocks to bank capital that are … existing literature in three ways. First, it considers a measure of capitalization (the excess capital) that is better able to … control for the riskiness of banks� portfolios than the well-known capital-to-asset ratio. Second, it disentangles the …