Brothers demise to help banks retain access to wholesale funding. We describe the evolution and the pattern of bond issuance … new market, namely the significant �tiering� of the spreads paid by banks at issuance, finding that they mainly …

banks in the sample, according to their systemic importance scores. The methodology is then applied to EU and Eurozone … samples of banks to obtain their systemic importance ranking and SIFI lists. This is one of the first methodologies capable of … identifying systemically relevant banks at the European level. A statistical analysis and some geographical and historical …

September 2008, in order to support banks and other financial institutions. We first provide an overview of the programmes … the issuance of government guaranteed bonds by banks, examining their impact on banks� funding and highlighting …

, to guarantee macro and financial stability, it is important to understand whether, and to what extent, banks are affected …

steeper than the one approved by the Basel Committee. Finally the difference between the spread/rating relation of banks and …

bank-lending channel and in which the spread between lending and policy rates endogenously depends on banks' leverage. The …