-equity capital � from both �venture-capital� funds and other private-equity funds � are usually also financed by banks, both …

tranches inflicted severe losses on banks, calling into question the credibility of Rating Agencies. I discuss the limits of …

investors to evaluate. We also show that larger firms resort to venture capitalists when their indebtedness with banks is high … with multiple banking relationships. In the presence of multiple lending, banks could have greater difficulty monitoring … firms with asymmetric information; moreover, if firms default, banks are likely to have a weaker bargaining position. In …

of data on banks’ balance sheets, central banks and money market funds; on interest rates on deposits and loans; on non …

enterprises, as captured by the assessment of credit standards provided by the banks participating in the Eurosystem Bank Lending … Survey (BLS banks). For Italy, we combine the information provided by the relatively small panel of large banking groups … participating in the Eurosystem survey with the replies obtained from the non-overlapping and wider group of banks participating in …