existing empirical evidence on their effectiveness, focusing on those adopted by the European Central Bank and by the Federal … former, the central bank can use communication to steer interest rates and to restore confidence in the financial markets …

We use Italian data on bank lending to firms to study the transmission of shocks affecting bank balance sheets to the …-in-difference approach because: a large number of firms in Italy borrow from more than one bank; the shocks to the wholesale funding market … significantly affect their lending, the deterioration of bank capitalization as proxied by charge-offs and profitability had a …

shocks. Much less is known about how lending relationships and bank-specific characteristics affect the functioning of the … investigate how bank-specific characteristics (size, liquidity, capitalization, funding structure) and the bank-firm relationship …