urbanization and/or industry localization. The main results indicate that both urbanization and industry localization raise job …

We analyse empirically the effects of urbanization on Italian college graduates' work possibilities as entrepreneurs … to instrumenting urbanization. Provincial competition, urban amenities and disamenities, cost of labour, earning … of the negative urbanization penalty. Our result cannot be explained by the presence of negative differentials in returns …

that this effect is present only in the large cities surrounded by low-populated areas. We also find that urbanization does …