One and three-month forward exchange rates for the deustche mark, french franc, sterling pound, yen and peseta, relative to the US dollar, seem to be cointegrated with future spot rates, but not with current exchange rates. We confirm the unbiasedness hypothesis for this data set, as a robust...

In this article, we explore the demand for the euro for risk management purposes, and the evidence of stock market integration in the euro area. We define a reserve currency as one that investors demand either because it helps them hedge real interest risk and inflation risk, or because it helps...