In this document we estimate credit and GDP cycles for three Latin-American economies and study their relation in the time and frequency domains. Cycles are estimated in order to analyze their medium and short-term frequencies. We find that short-term cycles are usually more volatile than...

The literature on causality takes contradictory stands regarding the direction of causal relationships based on whether one uses temporally aggregated or systematically sampled data. Using the relationship between a nominal target and the instrument used to achieve it, as an example, we show...

In this paper, we analyze symmetric and asymmetric causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in time and frequency domains, using annual data covering the period of 1965-2012. In general, our results tend to suggest that energy consumption causes growth, especially the...