. This measure is strongly correlated with the volatility of terms-of-trade, total exports, and output, but does not exhibit … a close relationship to the level of income, overall trade openness, or other country characteristics. We then propose …

This paper shows empirically that China's trade balance is sensitive to fluctuations in the real effective exchange … rate of the renminbi. However, the current size of the trade surplus is such that exchange rate policy alone will probably … not be able to address the imbalance. The potential reduction in the trade surplus resulting from an increase in the …

, employment, export partners' growth and terms of trade to estimate price and income elasticities of export demand, total … relating them to various strands of trade and growth literature. Based on the results of this estimation, we also calculate … steady-state growth rates, engine and handmaiden effects of growth as well as the dynamic steady-state gains from trade for …

domestic regulatory measures and the trade-related norms and rules of the WTO. There follows an analysis of experience with …