.e., a turnaround. We compare communication from leaders to incentive increases and also compare the effectiveness of … randomly selected and elected leaders. While all interventions yield shifts to more efficient equilibria, communication from …

-way free form communication message sent by the leader to the followers strongly revives cooperation. We find evidence that … repeated free form communication by the leader further strengthens the reviving effect on cooperation. Combining the two … previous interventions does not outperform the pure effect of communication. Our content analysis reveals that leader …

mentioned in the consultation paper by 27th February 2009 preferably using electronic communication. In case of any …

central bank actions. We examine whether communication by the European Central Bank (ECB) adds information compared to the … ECB communication that are all based on the ECB President’s introductory statement at the press conference following an … included in our Taylor rule model, the ECB communication indicators remain significant. …

in quantity and quality of output. We use data from a controlled field experiment that changed the communication of the …

consensus. Our 2-by-2 design also controls for communication effects. In our data, communication makes vertical firms more …

have been significant improvements in physical infrastructure, such as roads and other forms of communication, and social …