.e., a turnaround. We compare communication from leaders to incentive increases and also compare the effectiveness of … randomly selected and elected leaders. While all interventions yield shifts to more efficient equilibria, communication from …

-way free form communication message sent by the leader to the followers strongly revives cooperation. We find evidence that … repeated free form communication by the leader further strengthens the reviving effect on cooperation. Combining the two … previous interventions does not outperform the pure effect of communication. Our content analysis reveals that leader …

consensus. Our 2-by-2 design also controls for communication effects. In our data, communication makes vertical firms more …