exposure in bad times. We apply this idea to bank risk measurement. We find that banks with high accounting return on equity … triggered by the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank. ROE predicts systematic tail risk much better than conventional measures based …

The paper uses bank- and instrument-level data on asset holdings and liabilities to identify and estimate a general … equilibrium model of trade in financial instruments. Bilateral ties are formed as each bank selects the size and the … lead to less amplification of partial equilibrium shocks, (ii) the influence of a bank's equity is independent of the size …

urban growth. Our estimates suggest that the presence of a bank at a given location in the late 1830s is associated with …