, actually fell back. What accounts for this variety? What role did trade and tariff policy play? What about emigration and … globalization was by far the dominant force accounting for convergence (and divergence) around the periphery. Some exploited it well …

secular rise thereafter – must be explained both by industrial revolutionary growth forces and by global forces that opened up … the English economy to international trade. This paper explores whether and how the relationship was different for Spain …, a country which had relatively poor productivity growth in agriculture and low living standards prior to 1800, was a …

-skilled are pro-globalization in rich countries; while in some of the very poorest countries in the sample being high-skilled has …The aim of the Paper is to see whether individuals’ attitudes towards globalization are consistent with the predictions … and immigration should depend on a country’s skill endowments, with the skilled being less anti-trade and anti …

There are two contrasting views of pre-19th century trade and globalization. First there are the world history scholars … like Andre Gunder Frank who attach globalization ‘big bang' significance to the dates 1492 (Christopher Columbus stumbles … on America in search of spices) and 1498 (Vasco da Gama makes an end run around Africa snatching monopoly rents away from …