differences between standard poverty and inequality measures based on observed income and measures that are calculated based on …This paper examines the measurement of social welfare, poverty and inequality taking into account reference … new notion of equivalent income, the income level with which the individual would be as well off, evaluated using a …

poverty alleviation program began in 2001 which finances public investments in designated poor villages based on participatory …. While the program did not increase the income or consumption of poorer households, it did increase the income and …