innovation. We exploit the observed pattern of contributions - the 'revealed preference' of developers - to infer the underlying …

more important for small-firm innovation than for their larger counterparts. …

innovation is a crucial productivity driver, a potential crowding out of inventive efforts could increase the cost of mitigating …. However, we do not find negative effects on the number of ongoing R&D projects, investments in innovation-related fixed assets … or on the outcome of innovation projects. Likewise, for firms with subsidy-backed environmental innovations no crowding …

-focused patents are the socially efficient way to reward innovation, and also show when very short-lived but very broad patents are …

sectors (inter-sectoral spillovers), or at the international level. We find that innovation is strongly driven by knowledge … spillovers, especially those occurring at the national level. Wind and solar technologies exhibit distinct innovation … only influential in the case of wind technology. We also find evidence that public R&D stimulates innovation, particularly …

produced at least one major innovation at any time in the United Kingdom from 1945–82. Both datasets yield the same conclusion …