Current changes in Latin America include the abandonment of the economic pattern of import substitution, a growing opening of the national economies, a continental wave of political democratization, an apparent economic recovery from the "lost decade" (the 1980s), a growing social polarization,...

This Paper presents a survey of the literature on trade liberalization and globalization. The questions are why trade liberalization occurred, why trade liberalization took the form of reciprocity combined with multilateralism, why the liberalization allows for protectionist policies, and why...

This paper examines the impact of five globalization variables on sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions in Europe from 1980-2000 in the framework of one empirical model. The spatial autoregressive regression model is estimated using 2SLS. The five variables of interest are trade, foreign...

The best model for expanding Alternative Energies and Environmental Protection globally is through using market equilibrium, whereas governmental subsidies and fiscal stimulus to be just supplementary. Market equilibrium depends of matching consumption demand and price deleveraging that could be...

We live in an imperfect world. The poverty, the disease, the lack of education, the environmental destruction, the energy crisis, the overpopulation, the increasing consumption of resources, the deforestation and desertification, the biodiversity loss, the pollution, the emissions of greenhouse...

The increasing demands and expectations placed upon the Philippine bureaucracy by a redemocratizing society are further amplified by the strengthening of global institutional pressures emanating from organizations such as the World Trade Organization and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation....

Many papers have found mixed results in studying the relationship between institutional quality and some of its determinants, namely openness to trade, GDP per capita and economic globalization. This paper reexamines the relationship between government institutions and these factors. The main...