Western Europe had already diverged from the East and reached high numeracy levels by 1600, long before the rise of mass …

innovation. In the early-modern period parliaments declined in influence in southern and central Europe and gained in importance …

On the basis of a large (new) dataset of cities in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East in the millennium between … from Iraq (or more generally the Arab world) to Western Europe and to the shores of the Atlantic (during the 17th and 18th …