innovation. In the early-modern period parliaments declined in influence in southern and central Europe and gained in importance …

On the basis of a large (new) dataset of cities in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East in the millennium between … from Iraq (or more generally the Arab world) to Western Europe and to the shores of the Atlantic (during the 17th and 18th …

1500 and 1800 look similar to the stagnating southern, central and eastern parts of Europe rather than the developing … northwestern parts. In the advanced parts of India and China, grain wages were comparable to those in northwestern Europe, but … wages of northwestern Europe were not simply a monetary phenomenon, but reflected high productivity in the tradable sector …