parametric estimates may have seriously underestimated the growth effects of democracy. In particular, we find an average … negative effect on growth of leaving democracy on the order of -2 percentage points implying effects on income per capita as …

capita income causes the creation and the consolidation of democracy. We argue that existing studies find support for this … affect both the level of income per capita and the likelihood of democracy in a country, and failing to control for these … factors may introduce a spurious relationship between income and democracy. We show that controlling for these historical …

We revisit one of the central empirical findings of the political economy literature that higher income per capita … causes democracy. Existing studies establish a strong cross-country correlation between income and democracy, but do not … country fixed effects removes the statistical association between income per capita and various measures of democracy. We also …

mechanism of dispute resolution within the framework of a disciplinary mode of administrative law within a bureaucratic … and Western Europe, it reveals the importance of political institution, legal regime and the growth of jurisprudence that …

research would be helpful. Universities can contribute to recreating hope and optimism through more innovation in the economy. …Higher education is in the position to save Europe by rendering a substantial contribution to sustainable economic … research more on societal problems, while being better empowered and enabled by Governments. Universities must show leadership …