include the US and a European (E15) aggregate. In relative terms, the conditional volatility of E15 growth has declined more … since 1980 than the well-documented decline for the US. The propagation of shocks has also changed, with the volatility and …

(real or nominal, bilateral or effective) exchange rate volatility? If so, has this been at the expense of increased … interest rate volatility? How important have capital controls been for the operation of the EMS? Has the Exchange Rate … Mechanism reduced the volatility of unanticipated exchange rate changes? Has the EMS been effective in making ERM currencies …