benchmark model based on traditional tests of FOREX efficiency; consumption-based CAPM; and the monetary model of the exchange … modelled by CAPM based and the factors that determine next period’s exchange rate. …

this paper is to analyze these two indexes in order to capture ENSO volatility. The empirical results show that both the … ARMA(1,1)-GARCH(1,1) and ARMA(3,2)-GJR(1,1) models are suitable for modelling ENSO volatility. Moreover, 1998 is a turning … point for the volatility of SOI, and the ENSO volatility has became stronger since 1998 which indicates that the ENSO …