this paper is to analyze these two indexes in order to capture ENSO volatility. The empirical results show that both the … ARMA(1,1)-GARCH(1,1) and ARMA(3,2)-GJR(1,1) models are suitable for modelling ENSO volatility. Moreover, 1998 is a turning … point for the volatility of SOI, and the ENSO volatility has became stronger since 1998 which indicates that the ENSO …

mean and volatility. The endogenous structural breakpoint unit root test, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model …, and alternative volatility models, including the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model … reached a peak in 2008. We also find that that the volatility of global fertilizer prices and crude oil price from March to …

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the volatility in global fertilizer prices. The endogenous structural … breakpoint unit root test and alternative volatility models, including the generalized autoregressive conditional … volatility of global fertilizer prices and crude oil price from March to December 2008 are higher than in other periods, and that …

This paper analyzes two indexes in order to capture the volatility inherent in El Niños Southern Oscillations (ENSO … suitable for modelling ENSO volatility accurately, and that 1998 is a turning point, which indicates that the ENSO strength has …

This paper analyzes two indexes in order to capture the volatility inherent in El Niños Southern Oscillations (ENSO … suitable for modelling ENSO volatility accurately, and that 1998 is a turning point, which indicates that the ENSO strength has …