A gravity model is used to assess the separate effects of exchange rate volatility and currency unions on international … exchange rate volatility, even after controlling for a host of features, including the endogenous nature of the exchange rate …

of noise traders alters the composition of the market and generates excess exchange rate volatility, since noise traders … both create and share the risk associated with exchange rate volatility. In such circumstances, monetary policy can be used … to lower exchange rate volatility without altering macroeconomic fundamentals. …

dampening effect on trade volatility. …

Fixed exchange rates are less volatile than floating rates. The volatility of macroeconomic variables, such as money …-off between reduced exchange rate volatility and macroeconomic stability. …