geography. The same economic forces influence simultaneously growth, convergence, and spatial agglomeration and clustering …

Recent tests for the convergence hypothesis derive from regressing average growth rates on initial levels: a negative … initial level coefficient is interpreted as convergence. These tests turn out to be plagued by Francis Galton's classical … direct empirics used here show a tendency for divergence, rather than convergence, of cross-country incomes. …

peaks’ in the cross-sectional distribution, not simple patterns of convergence or divergence. The theoretical problems …

study of the convergence hypothesis. The data show limited intra-distribution mobility in incomes across economies and thus …, little convergence. The analysis uncovers some `convergence club'-like dynamics, and reveals the wide diversity in growth …